Choline (bitartrate) 60 Capsules

Choline is most active in the liver where its main role is in lipid metabolism. The metabolite form phosphatidylcholine is responsible for the packaging of VLDL and transportation of lipids out of the liver. Choline deficiency can lead to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and the accumulation of lipids in the liver, which can progress to NAFLD and liver damage. Therefore supplementing with choline to reach adequate daily intake may help prevent or manage NAFLD, via improved lipid metabolism and cholesterol management.

Adequate intake is set at 550 mg per day for males, and 425 mg daily for females, with an upper limit of 3500 mg (US Institute of Medicine’s Food and Nutrition Board, and Health Canada). During pregnancy those requirements increase to 450 mg in first trimester, and 550 mg thereafter.

Although some choline can be produced endogenously via the PEMT pathway, without dietary intake, it is often inadequate for maintaining healthy liver function. This is especially true in those with poor PEMT enzyme function. Expression of the PEMT gene is conditional on available estrogen, therefore those with low estrogen levels, including postmenopausal females, have an increased risk of choline deficiency. Those with polymorphisms for the PEMT gene, estimated to be in over 40% of females, face similar risks. Other genetic polymorphisms, including those in CHDH and MTHFD1 can also contribute to increased choline needs.

Directions
Adults (18 years and older): Take 1 capsule 1-2 times daily with meals or as directed by a healthcare practitioner.

Medicinal Ingredients
Each capsule contains: Choline (choline bitartrate) 275 mg

Non-Medicinal Ingredients
Vegetarian capsule (Hypromellose, purified water), trimagnesium dicitrate.